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How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain, by Lisa Feldman Barrett
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A new theory of how the brain constructs emotions that could revolutionize psychology, health care, the legal system, and our understanding of the human mind.
Emotions feel automatic to us; that's why scientists have long assumed that emotions are hardwired in the body or the brain. Today, however, the science of emotion is in the midst of a revolution on par with the discovery of relativity in physics and natural selection in biology. This paradigm shift has far-reaching implications not only for psychology but also medicine, the legal system, airport security, child-rearing, and even meditation.
Leading the charge is psychologist and neuroscientist Lisa Feldman Barrett, whose theory of emotion is driving a deeper understanding of the mind and brain, and what it means to be human. Her research overturns the widely held belief that emotions are housed in different parts of the brain, and are universally expressed and recognized. Instead, emotion is constructed in the moment by core systems interacting across the whole brain, aided by a lifetime of learning.
Are emotions more than automatic reactions? Does rational thought really control emotion? How does emotion affect disease? How can you make your children more emotionally intelligent? How Emotions Are Made reveals the latest research and intriguing practical applications of the new science of emotion, mind, and brain.
- Sales Rank: #342761 in Books
- Published on: 2017-03-07
- Released on: 2017-03-07
- Formats: Audiobook, MP3 Audio, Unabridged
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.75" h x .50" w x 5.25" l,
- Running time: 15 Hours
- Binding: MP3 CD
Review
"Fascinating...a thought-provoking journey into emotion science."
—The Wall Street Journal�
"I have never seen a book so devoted to understanding the nature of emotions...the book is down-to-earth and a delight to read. With a high level of knowledge and articulate style, Barrett delivers a prime example of modern prose in digestible chunks."
—Seattle Book Review, 5 Stars
"Most of us make our way through the world without thinking a lot about what we bring to our encounters with it. Lisa Feldman Barrett does—and what she has to say about our perceptions and emotions is pretty mind-blowing."
—Elle
"A neuroscientist offers an enjoyable guide to a revolutionary scientific theory of emotion and its practical applications."
—Shelf Awareness
"Prepare to have your brain twisted around as psychology professor Barrett takes it on a tour of itself... Her enthusiasm for her topic brightens every amazing fact and theory about where our emotions come from...each chapter is chockablock with startling insights. ...Barrett's figurative selfie of the brain is brilliant."
— Booklist, STARRED
"A well-argued, entertaining disputation of the prevailing view that emotion and reason are at odds...Highly informative, readable, and wide-ranging."
—Kirkus Reviews, STARRED review
"Barrett (psychology, Northeastern Univ.) presents a new neuroscientific explanation of why people are more swayed by feelings than by facts. She offers an unintuitive theory that goes against not only the popular understanding but also that of traditional research: emotions don’t arise; rather, we construct them on the fly. Furthermore, emotions are neither universal nor located in specific brain regions; they vary by culture and result from dynamic neuronal networks. These networks run nonstop simulations, making predictions and correcting them based on the environment rather than reacting to it. Tracing her own journey from the classical view of emotions, Barrett progressively builds her case, writing in a conversational tone and using down-to-earth metaphors, relegating the heaviest neuroscience to an appendix to keep the book accessible. Still, it is a lot to take in if one has not been exposed to these ideas before. VERDICT The theories of emotion and the human brain set forth here are revolutionary and have important implications. For readers interested in psychology and neuroscience as well as those involved in education and policy."
—Library Journal, STARRED review
“This meticulous, well-researched, and deeply thought out book�reveals new insights�about our emotions—what they are, where they come from, why we have them.� For anyone who has struggled to reconcile brain and heart, this book will be a treasure; it explains the science without short-changing the humanism of its topic.”—Andrew Solomon, best-selling author of�Far From the Tree�and�The Noonday Demon
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“A brilliant and original book on the science of emotion, by the deepest thinker about this topic since Darwin.”—Daniel Gilbert, best-selling author of Stumbling on Happiness
“Ever wonder where your emotions come from? Lisa Barrett, a world expert in the psychology of emotion, has written the definitive field guide to feelings and the neuroscience behind them.”—Angela Duckworth, best-selling author of Grit
“We all harbor an intuition about emotions: that the way you experience joy, fear or anger happens automatically and is pretty much the same in a Kalahari hunter-gatherer. �In this excellent new book, Lisa�Barrett draws on contemporary research to offer a radically different picture: that the experience of emotion is highly individualized, neurobiologically idiosyncratic, and inseparable from cognition. �This is a provocative, accessible, important book.”—Robert Sapolsky, author of Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers and A Primate's Memoir
“Everything you thought you knew about what you feel and why you feel it turns out to be stunningly wrong. Lisa Barrett illuminates the fascinating new science of our emotions, offering real-world examples of why it matters in realms as diverse as� health, parenting, romantic relationships and national security.”
—Peggy Orenstein, author of Girls & Sex
“After reading How Emotions Are Made, I will never think about emotions the same way again. Lisa Barrett opens up a whole new terrain for fighting gender stereotypes and making better policy.”—Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of Unfinished Business
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“What if everything you thought you knew about lust, anger, grief, and joy was wrong? Lisa Barrett is one of the psychology’s wisest and most creative scientists and her theory of constructed emotion is radical and fascinating. Through vivid examples and sharp, clear prose,�How Emotions are Made�defends a bold new vision of the most central aspects of human nature.”�—Paul Bloom, author of�Against Empathy�and�How Pleasure Works
“Lisa Barrett writes with great clarity about how your emotions are not merely about what you're born with, but also about how your brain pieces your feelings together, and how you can contribute to the process. She tells a compelling story.”—Joseph LeDoux, author of Anxious and�Synaptic Self
“How Emotions Are Made offers a grand new conception of emotions—what they are, where they come from, and (most importantly) what they aren’t.� Brain science is the art of the counterintuitive and Lisa Barrett has a remarkable capacity to make the counterintuitive comprehensible.� This book will have you smacking your forehead wondering why it took so long to think this way about the brain.”—Stuart Firestein, author of Failure: Why Science is So Successful and Ignorance: How It Drives Science
“How Emotions Are Made is a�provocative, insightful, and engaging analysis of the fascinating ways that our brains create our�emotional lives,�convincingly linking cutting edge neuroscience studies with everyday emotions.�You won't think about emotions in�the same way after you read this important book.”—Daniel L. Schacter, author of The Seven Sins of Memory
“Lisa Barrett masterfully integrates discoveries from affective science, neuroscience, social psychology, and philosophy to make sense of the many instances of emotion that you experience and witness each day. How Emotions are Made will help you remake your life, giving you new lenses to see familiar feelings—from anxiety to love—anew.”—Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and Love 2.0
"How Emotions are Made is a tour de force in the quest to understand how we perceive, judge and decide. It lays the groundwork to address many of the mysteries of human behavior. I look forward to how this more accurate view of emotion will help my clients in athletics and trading."
—Denise K. Shull, MA, Founder and CEO of The ReThink Group
"With How Emotions Are Made, Lisa Feldman Barrett has set the terms of debate for emotion theory in the 21st century.� In clear, readable prose, she invites us to question both lay and expert understandings of what emotions are—and she musters an impressive body of data to suggest new answers. �Barrett’s theory of how we construct emotions has major implications for law, including the myth of dispassionate judging.� Her 'affective science manifesto for the legal system'�deserves to be taken seriously by theorists and practitioners alike."
—Terry Maroney, Professor of Law and Professor of Medicine, Health and Society, Vanderbilt University
"Every lawyer and judge doing serious criminal trials should read this book. We all grapple with the concepts of free will, emotional impulses, and criminal intent, but here these topics are exposed to a new scrutiny and old assumptions are challenged. The interface of law and brain science is suddenly the area we ought to be debating."
—Baroness Helena Kennedy, QC House of Lords, U.K.
“Extraordinarily well written, Lisa �Barrett’s How Emotions are Made�chronicles a paradigm shift in the science of emotion.� But more than just a chronicle, this book is a brilliant work of translation, translating the new neuroscience of emotion into understandable and readable terms.� Since that science has profound implications in areas as disparate as police shootings and TSA profiling, the translation is critical for scientists and citizens, lawmakers and physicians.� (For example, what if there is no meaningful scientific difference between premeditated murder, the product of rational thought, which we consider most culpable, and the lesser offense of manslaughter, a 'crime of passion?') Emotions do not reside in dedicated brain areas, constantly at war with areas charged with cognition or perception, as Pixar caricatured it in Inside out, let alone the brain described by Descartes or Plato or other philosophers. ��Nor does the brain passively retrieve data from “outside” to which it reacts. The brain constructs the reality it perceives, and the emotions it (and we) experience, using� core brain systems, not specialized circuits. And it does so in concert with other brains, with the culture surrounding it.� The implications of this work ('only'�challenging two thousand year old assumptions about the brain) and its ambitions are nothing short of stunning.� Even more stunning is how extraordinarily well it succeeds.”—Nancy Gertner, Senior Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, and former U.S. federal judge for the United States District Court of Massachusetts
About the Author
LISA FELDMAN BARRETT, Ph.D., is a University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, with appointments at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital in Psychiatry and Radiology. She received a NIH Director's Pioneer Award for her research on emotion in the brain. She lives in Boston.
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
A new view of our brains
By Jerry Woolpy
Review of How Emotions are Made: the secret life of the brain by Lisa Feldman Barrett
It is human nature to simplify and categorize and we think that our emotional feelings are the same as the emotional feelings of others. We are sure that we can read each other’s emotions by their facial expressions and body postures. And we usually conform our expressions to what is appropriate to social situations, sad at funerals, and happy at birthday parties. Anyone who smiles and laughs at funerals or scowls at parties is out of step or crazy. These assumptions are consistent with our thinking that we have evolved to share these essential instincts without variation. Your sad is my sad; your happy is my happy and so forth for anger, fear, love, and hate. A defendant’s possible remorse can be accurately read by a jury. A judge can be objective in sentencing. An eye witness’s honest account is what actually happened. The policeman may well have imagined a gun in the hand of the man he shot. We can tell what our dogs are feeling from the way they look and act. When a brain location is damaged, stimulated, or recorded, the corresponding behavioral effect is an indication of the function of that part of the brain. In other words, we act like reductionist scientists who isolate variables and interpret results by Occam’s Razor that the simplest explanation is the best fit to the data. In short, like our physicians using the medical model of disease, we treat observations as though they were causes.
Of course, our ability to generalize is adaptive, protective, and predictive in most situations even though it is a shortcut that science must eschew unless and until the cause of things can be demonstrated. Description comes first but it is insufficient to causal understanding. As the ghost of his father tells Hamlet, “one may smile, and smile, and be a villain”. A dog may wag his tail and still bite you. A contorted face can be shown on a happy or sad individual whose heart rate may be unchanged, accelerated, or slowed, and who’s adrenaline and other hormones may present at variable extremes.
Our expressions are not stereotyped like what ethologists use to call fixed action patterns. We are not automatons. We are each one of a kind. When we are mad, or glad, or fearful our expressions are not standardized. In fact, they are quite variable as a function of the culture bound concepts we learned as children and modified through experience as adults. Some cultures may have emotions not included in our repertory and others that we have they may lack. If a tree falls in the woods and nobody hears it there is no sound because sound is a production of the sensory mechanisms of our auditory system. We see six bands of color in a rainbow including a blue one. Russians see seven including two “blue” ones. Wine tasters observe an amazing array of aromas and tastes that most of us do not discern. Damage to Broca’s Area in the left frontal lobe, was associated with jumbled speech, but now we know that it is not the speech center nor is it the only place where speech is effected in this way. Nor is the limbic system the emotional center of the brain or the amygdala the only place of anger and fear. The whole brain is involved in emotional expression. Our brains function to predict what is going to happen based on our history. Neuroplasticity is the rule. Neural circuits are changeable and they change as we learn and move. Neurons are constantly firing, changing rates, and reordering their connections. Functions are not precisely localized. The brain is far more complicated than our reductionist forebears imagined. And just as our finger prints are unique, so are our brains and our emotional expressions. It is our capacities that have been shaped by evolution not the variable phenotypes that they produce. We cannot bypass our emotions any more than we can bypass our thoughts. But that doesn’t mean we can’t change how we act or feel, it’s just harder because it involves re-learning.
There is still a place for free will. In fact, it’s even more available to us than we thought when we believed that our emotions could preempt our rationality. What we now know is that when our brains tell us the truth with certainty, that this certainty is a function of our sensory experience. Moreover, others may be just as sure of the opposite truth on the basis of their experience. That does not mean that truth is relative, but it does mean that we have to be prepared to change our understanding based on the best evidence. We must be open to consider all sides of an argument.
What a challenging world this has become. It’s a world where we ought to listen and learn through our entire lives. We need to be open to new ideas and concepts that we can hear and read and observe. Authoritarians are the bane of our existence and an insult to the infinite capacity of our brains. Read the book. It codifies the paradigm shift of the latest neuroscience.
24 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
It will change the way you think about emotions and how you feel them
By Radar626
Emotions. We all have them. We assign them to inanimate objects like cars - "It's too cold outside. The poor girl is feeling rough this morning.". We assign them to animals - "You certainly are looking guilty for tearing up the trash can, Boomer!" But what ARE emotions? Why do some people feel them more intensely than others? Can you learn emotions? Can you unlearn emotions?
Probably the one thing the author tries to get across to the reader is that people have preconceived notions and ideas about what emotions are, how people should or should not experience them, what it looks like when someone feels an emotion, etc. Dr. Barrett wants the reader to these notions aside and see emotions not as a "thing", because that isn't what they are. Emotions just, well, are. No two people experience emotions the same way. No two cultures experience them the same way. What we see and experience as happiness here in America (laughing out loud, broad smiles with teeth showing, buoyant displays, etc.) are normal for us, but for another culture like the Japanese they are much more reserved (polite chuckles, smiling without showing teeth, hands over mouths if they do smile widely, etc.). Is there way of experiencing emotions wrong? Absolutely not, it's just different.
The author also delves into just how deeply the mind and body are connected. She mentions how self-help books tend to focus only on the mind, on trying to master emotions. The problem is, these books tend to overlook the significant role the body (or "body budget") plays in our emotions. Did you know that 30% of ALL medications taken in the US are to treat negative emotions? Thirty. Percent. The trouble is, when these medications are prescribed, the doctor and the patient rarely take into account what signals the brain is receiving from the body and how out of whack your body budget is. The author also postulates that this is one reason some people turn to drugs and/or alcohol. Rather than treating the reason their body and emotions are misfiring, they use chemicals to trick the mind and body into thinking and feeling like everything is okay. She doesn't claim that medications to help with emotions and feelings like depression, bi-polarism, schizophrenia, and others, but Dr. Barrett does advise, even while she says "I suddenly sound like your mother, that "there is no substitute, biologically speaking" for "eating healthfully, exercising, and getting enough sleep." Following chapters go even further into just how deeply the body and mind are intertwined, and I have to admit the hypotheses she puts forth in this book are utterly fascinating.
It sounds odd, but one of the best parts of the book for me was the bibliography. If you enjoyed reading this book by Dr. Barrett, then the bibliography is going to be the unexpected free gift with purchase. Please, please, please take the time to go through every reference for this book. If not,you will miss such incredible books like 'Madame Secretary: A Memoir' by Madeleine Albright or 'Animal Wise: How We know Animals Think and Feel' by Victoria Morrell. Since finishing 'How Emotions are Made", I've already read these two and have ordered three more. A good number of the references are from medical journals, but those are pretty easy to find online. Don't be surprised if you also come away with a new found interest in other aspects of the human mind and body, such as how gut microbes and how science is learning just how large and extensive a role they play in our lives.
Many times books about medical subjects are so dry and technical that it's a chore to even get through the introduction, let alone the whole book. Dr. Barrett's book doesn't 'dumb down' the science for the readers, and she also doesn't litter every sentence with technical and medical terminology. the best way to describe her voice is as if you are in a class with your favorite teacher. Your teacher comes up with easy to comprehend analogies and comparisons so that the whole class understands the subject of the lecture - not just the top students in the class. Your teacher is also passionate about the subject, speaks with great animation, and your attention on their words is so rapt that you forget that you should be taking notes. At the end of the lecture, you feel a bit disappointed that it's over but you are now really interested and excited about the subject and head for the bookstore to see what other books you can find on the subject. THIS is the kind of style Dr. Barrett writes in, and the exact kind of feeling she invoked in this reader. I admit that I have always enjoyed books (even textbooks) about the mysteries of the mind (human or animal) and body, so this book was a no-brainer (no pun intended) to read. 'How Emotions Are Made' is not a fast read, but it is definitely a worthy one.
12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
This book is an in-depth and fascinating look into the ...
By Cathy Betz
This book is an in-depth and fascinating look into the field of affective science crafted by a pioneer in the field. In a clear and thoughtful journey through her career's work, Lisa Feldman Barrett tears down the reader's intuitive ways of thinking about emotion and builds up a theory of constructed emotions that has implications for how we experience the world in general, not just emotions. This book will teach you about the power of your brain to shape your experience of the world around you, and will leave you in awe of your own hidden abilities. You'll never think of emotions in the same way again.
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